Insulin resistance is a significant defence against hypoglycaemia, but when chronic, it’s rendered more harmful due to the ease of food availability in our modern society (Moøller and Joørgensen, 2009). In adipose tissue it is catabolic, encouraging lipolysis (fat break down), likewise it encourages glycolysis which causes an increase in blood glucose. In children and those going through puberty, GH is particularly important for the growth of lean body mass. Glucocorticoids,such as cortisol, are largely catabolic in nature. Protein catabolism can occur to meet blood glucose demands via gluconeogenesis. This acts to provide more readily available chemical substrate (glucose and fatty acids) for energy to fight or run away from the stressor. I’ll focus primarily on body composition and metabolism. During perimenopause and menopause, as estrogen levels decline, some women experience vaginal dryness, reduced sensation, and decreased arousal. Testosterone, often thought of as a male hormone, plays a critical role in female sexual function. Many women are told their low desire is purely psychological or a natural consequence of aging and stress. Yet despite its prevalence, it remains one of the least understood aspects of women's health. It is a dialogue between the body’s survival mechanisms and its drive for vitality, between the pressures of modern life and the timeless rhythms of biology. The connection between stress and low testosterone may seem discouraging, but it also carries a message of hope. Low testosterone not only affects individuals but also relationships, families, and workplaces. Modern lifestyles, filled with constant pressure, overwork, and poor sleep, create environments where men are more vulnerable to hormonal decline than ever before. However, TRT is not a simple solution—it must be carefully monitored to avoid side effects and should ideally be combined with lifestyle strategies that address the root causes of stress and imbalance. Maintaining strong relationships and seeking emotional support is as important for testosterone as diet or exercise. However, excessive exercise without proper recovery can have the opposite effect, raising cortisol and lowering testosterone. Because just as stress can suppress testosterone, reducing stress and supporting the body can restore it. Doctors may measure testosterone levels through blood tests and, if appropriate, recommend treatments such as testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Positive social connections buffer stress and raise well-being, while loneliness and conflict worsen stress and hormonal imbalance. Poor sleep increases cortisol, lowers testosterone, and amplifies stress. Exercise reduces stress, lowers cortisol, and stimulates testosterone production—especially resistance training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Fortunately, lifestyle choices have a powerful impact on both stress management and testosterone levels. And it is here that cortisol—the primary stress hormone—comes into direct conflict with testosterone. When stress chronically suppresses testosterone, the symptoms can affect virtually every aspect of your health and wellbeing. Your body's stress response begins in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a complex network that regulates hormone production. When stress triggers increased cortisol production, it essentially hijacks the raw materials your body would otherwise use to produce testosterone. When stress is reduced, testosterone, cortisol, and hormonal balance return, allowing the recovery of reproductive function. A study showed that acute stress can make the testes more sensitive to hormones such as luteinizing hormone (LH), which causes testosterone production. Therefore, prolonged stress can cause weight gain, heart disease, and high sugar levels while also disrupting circadian rhythms and sleep patterns, which affects energy restoration and health. While some supplements are marketed as testosterone boosters, most have limited scientific evidence to support their claims. Older individuals may not experience the same hormonal response to fighting or competition as younger individuals. The key is the feeling of accomplishment and perceived social dominance. Is there a difference between fighting and competitive sports in terms of testosterone response? Similar to watching fighting, pornography may cause a transient increase in testosterone, primarily due to sexual arousal. The idea that fighting increases testosterone often stems from the evolutionary understanding of dominance hierarchies. Ashwagandha at 600mg daily has been shown to increase testosterone by 15-17% in stressed men over 8 weeks.